We wanted to see how design could facilitate the introduction of insects into the western diet. It’s not just about introducing a new food, it’s about understanding human perceptions and psychology, then using the design of innovative experiences and strategic thinking to drive cultural change. We have created a roadmap of products and services for the next 10 years. Under our brand: ‘Ento’; we have designed a succession of foods and eating experiences that will gently challenge our cultural taboo. And perhaps by 2020, fresh grasshoppers will be a regular sight in your local supermarket.

Will you be eating insects by 2020? This project is the outcome of our motivation to tackle the issue of food security. Increasing global food demand will outpace agricultural productivity over the next 50 years. Meat production is the most inefficient form of agriculture, paving the way for insects as a sustainable food source, as they are highly efficient at turning feed into protein. They also don’t produce greenhouse gases and require much less land to farm – in fact, the total ‘foodprint’ of grasshoppers is just one tenth that of beef. As good as insects seem on paper, if you place a locust burger on most people’s dinner table, they would not be very happy! Clearly, perceptions towards insects must change before they can be sold in supermarkets. Our challenge was to identify what experiences must be designed over the next ten years to make this happen – to gain total acceptance of insects as a commodity food source. The whole world is affected by what we eat. This is particularly so for western diets, where much of the food we eat has embodied impact far beyond our own geographical borders. Thus we seek to modify western eating habits, not through restricting our diet, but by diversifying it. We wish that by 2012, insects will be viewed as a everyday source of protein, much like beef, chicken or pulses; rather than a creepy-crawly animal. Moreover, we want this food to be tasty, desirable and above-all, normal.

Whilst there are many people working in the field of entomophagy (the consumption of insects), most are focused on the logistics of farming and supplying insects in large volumes. Others are creating ‘gimmicky’ recipes that rely upon their novelty for interest, but lose attraction over time. Currently there is a major cultural taboo against eating insects. The idea of eating insects is generally imagined to be dirty, gooey and unsafe. None of these preconceptions are true, but it doesn’t change the fact that edible insects are certainly not seen as an exciting future food! We realised that changing these beliefs would be a major challenge. As design students, our new point of view was to address the problem of acceptance of insects as a design issue. We believed that we could challenge the taboo with carefully designed eating experiences and product interventions. Our main brief was therefore to design experiences that would ease the western mainstream into eating insects as an everyday food. In addition to this, we wanted to make sure that all of our future-visions were realised as edible, delicious food. We also aimed to address the challenge of envisioning production systems that would be capable of farming enough insects to deliver our concepts.

1. Initial research and ethnography Our first test, fried locusts served at a London restaurant, gave us confidence that edible insects could be accepted by Western cultures. All four of us tried them and were impressed by the taste and texture. We then started experimenting with other people’s perceptions. We cooked a spread of mocked-up (though the subjects didn’t know this!) insect dishes that varied from very abstract to very apparent. Most people were more accepting of abstract dishes like the bug-flour biscuit. This powerful abstraction effect became weaker only when the insect parts were obviously visible. A minimal barrier layer of breadcrumbs was enough for many people to find the food appetizing. The power of abstraction was a critical insight for our later food design. However, this experiment also identified many negative perceptions that we would need to address if people were to accept edible insects. 2. Analyzing and creating a new food culture In order for people to fully accept something new, it has to be embedded in a context that they can access. Thus we had to generate a culture surrounding insects as food. To identify the elements of food culture, we set out to find what turns a series of ingredients into a food we recognize: what differentiates a sandwich from two slices of bread with filling? We organized our findings into different parameters: personas, scenarios, food-format, ingredients, experience, and motivations. We studied the strategies we found in other food introductions (such as sushi) and developed a model of insect food culture, which represents the evolution of this culture in time. The conclusions from this exercise informed our strategy for targeting consumers. 3. Materials and technology exploration After our initial cooking experiments, it was clear we needed to understand insects as an ingredient, so we turned to a technique called molecular food-pairing. This is a mapping that pairs ingredients that should theoretically complement each other based on their chemical composition. Using this method, we created a database of ingredients that could potentially be used with the insects to create new recipes. We then collaborated with chef-in-training Kim Insu, a student at Le Cordon Bleu in London. Using our knowledge of insects combined with Kim’s expert cooking skills, we were able to perfect new recipes that tasted great and also redefined insects as a new type of food. 4. Manufacturing and subject matter experts Our manufacturing solution was a flexible network of urban farms; scalable in order to cope with the varying levels of demand in our roadmap. Unfortunately, the custodians of existing insect production facilities (for reptile and bird food) are extremely secretive about their methods. Thus, our concept for a modular urban farm was created based upon insights from hobby insect-breeders, entomology academics at Imperial College London, and our own research. We kept a prototype locust breeding unit in our college workshop, to investigate how to keep insects fed and happy, as well as how to process them humanely.

We are addressing the topic of food sustainability and security. It is against this backdrop that edible insects offer an exciting alternative to resource-hungry and carbon-intensive livestock farming. Insects are extremely efficient at turning feed into meat and can be farmed at a very high density. This means that their embodied energy is low—a tenth of that of beef cattle—and that at high volumes they are very cost efficient. When farmed in urban environments, they also do not compete for other agricultural land uses. Many of our unsustainable consumption patterns stem from a disconnect between ourselves and the land that sustains us. By placing insect farms directly in the city, we are connecting city-dwellers more tightly to their food supply. We would even propose ‘Ento school meals’, where children raise insects in their classroom as a learning tool that also forms a closed loop to their canteen. Insect meat has major nutritional benefits compared with beef: typically 48% of beef is fat, while only 16% of grasshopper meat is fat, making it a much healthier source of protein. In addition to these benefits, we are introducing an entirely new type of food into the market – which gives consumers more choice and variety. And if ever we find our food choices limited in the future by climate change or energy availability, we will have introduced and popularized a tasty, sustainable alternative.

Interestingly, we are sure that the values that we are putting forward today (in 2011) are *not* desired by the community we’re working with (mainstream eaters in the west). It is this fact that has motivated our entire project. However, while studying food introductions in the UK, we found a very valuable precedent in sushi. 30 years ago, tourist guides warned British tourists about the strange and off-putting Japanese habit of eating raw fish; now you can buy it at Boots and Marks & Spencers, two quintessentially British retailers. We think that in as little as 10 years, our values in sustainable protein will be shared by the mainstream. We are confident in the achievability of our ‘insect food culture’ model, in which we introduce insects as a food via an entire social movement. The food is backed up by design interventions in everything that comprises a food culture: personas (who); scenarios (when and where); food format, ingredients, tools, and experience (how and what); and drivers and motivations (why). We have made sure that these parameters can evolve and adapt over time, to match the public’s changing expectations of our food.

Insects are in fact a lot healthier source of protein than sources such as beef. This is due to the fact that beef is typically 50% fat and 50% protein, whilst insects are just 16% fat with 72% protein (the remaining 12% is carbohydrates).

Interestingly, we are only pushing our healthier eating message midway through our roadmap of design interventions. After the exciting experiential eating message pushed towards adventurous and social eaters, our stronger (and more resilient) message of ethical nutrition comes to the fore, to coincide with the release of our ento-box lunches. We hope to enter these in the same market as prepared lunches available in high street stores such as Pret or supermarkets in the UK, where they would compete on ethics and nutrition. Whilst the insects will always be more inexpensive to raise compared with cattle, the lunches would be priced competitively.

Beyond our 10-year roadmap, where insects are an accepted mainstream food, the horizons open up for insects as a cheaper, healthier source of nutrition. This ties back to our initial goal of addressing food security with our project: imagine a future where resource-restrictions place a high price on extremely energy-intensive meat such as beef. Well, we hope that a healthier, cheaper, more sustainable and above all desirable and tasty option will be available to buy as well, available to all.